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Exam 7: How Cells Harvest Energy

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Question 21

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As a forensic pathologist,you have just completed an autopsy of a poisoning victim.After a thorough examination,you conclude that the victim died of cyanide poisoning.You know that cyanide binds to the cytochrome oxidase complex,and therefore list the official cause of death as suffocation due to cyanide exposure.However,if you wanted to provide a more technical explanation as to the cause of death,which process was specifically inhibited directly by cyanide?

A) The reduction of NAD⁺
B) The oxidation of FADH₂
C) All proton pumping into the intermembrane space
D) The formation of water from oxygen
E) ATP synthesis

F) B) and D)
G) B) and E)

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Question 22

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What is different about the way that NADH and FADH₂ donate electrons to the electron transport chain?

A) NADH is oxidized and FADH₂ is reduced.
B) NADH contributes its electrons to the first transmembrane complex in the electron transport chain and FADH₂ contributes its electrons after the first transmembrane complex.
C) More protons are transported into the intermembrane space of the mitochondria in response to one molecule of FADH₂ as compared to the number of protons transported in response to one molecule of NADH.
D) The electrons from NADH ultimately go on to reduce oxygen to generate water,whereas the electrons from FADH₂ are used to reduce pyruvate to lactate.

E) All of the above
F) A) and C)

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Question 23

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You decide to go on vacation in the mountains,where you are staying in a cabin.Unfortunately,when you turn on the water in the cabin you smell hydrogen sulfide (H₂S) gas.After some research,you find out that the H₂S may be due to the presence of sulfur bacteria living in your pipes.What molecule do these bacteria use as an electron acceptor?

Many types of cancer cells have been detected to secrete significant levels of lactate.Do you think these cells are likely undergoing beta-oxidation?

A human cell has a mutation in the gene that encodes the enzyme that generates lactate from pyruvate,rendering that enzyme completely non-functional.Assuming that there is ample glucose present,how would this cell generate energy in the presence of oxygen?

In aerobic respiration,chemiosmotic generation of ATP is driven by:

The equation for cellular respiration is: C₆H₁₂O₆ + 6O₂ →→ 6CO₂ + 6H₂O.At what specific point in the cellular respiration process has glucose been broken down completely from a six carbon molecule to 6 molecules of CO₂?

Organisms that can manufacture their own chemical energy are called ________.

Cardiac muscle cells need to generate significant amounts of ATP to allow for constant contractile activity.As a result,they primarily depend upon beta-oxidation of fatty acids,which has a higher energy yield than the catabolism of glucose.What would be the ATP yield for beta-oxidation of a hypothetical 10-carbon fatty acid?

If you take into account the amount of ATP generated by ATP synthase per molecule of NADH produced in aerobic respiration,the net number of ATP molecules produced by substrate-level phosphorylation,and the fact that NADH molecules produced in the cytoplasm have to be transported into the mitochondria,what is the predicted energy yield of glycolysis in eukaryotic cells?

It is thought that the oldest stage of cellular respiration from an evolutionary perspective is

In the absence of oxygen,can cells utilize the electron transport chain?

As electrons move along the electron transport chain,they lose potential energy.How is the energy that is released used by the cell?

How and where is ATP made in a eukaryotic cell?

Why are the components of the electron transport chain embedded in the inner mitochondrial membrane rather than floating freely in the cytoplasm of mitochondrial matrix?

In animals that take in oxygen from their environment,glucose is broken down into carbon dioxide and water in a process called

A biochemist wants to control the initial substrate-level phosphorylation that occurs in the tracheal cells of grasshoppers once glucose has crossed the plasma membrane.He has access to the following inhibitors: Rotenone - an electron transport chain inhibitor,Oligomycin - an ATP synthase inhibitor,and TLN-232,an inhibitor of glycolysis.Which inhibitor should he use to slow down initial substrate-level phosphorylation that occurs once glucose has crossed the plasma membrane?

What must happen to amino acids before they can be used in catabolic reactions?

What happens to the oxygen that is used in cellular respiration?

When amino acids are degraded in cells,into what intermediate(s) of the aerobic respiration process are the carbon skeletons of amino acids primarily converted?