Question 1

What distinguishes an aldonic acid from an alduronic acid?

Accepted Answer

A)   The oxidation of the aldehyde group in an aldonic acid and the oxidation of the highest numbered carbon in the alduronic acid.
B)   Aldonic acids are derivatives of aldoses, alduronic acids are derivatives of ketoses.
C)   Aldonic acids are oxidized forms of linear monosaccharides; alduronic acids are oxidized forms of cyclic monosaccharides.
D)   The two terms are synonyms and are used interchangeably.E) None of the above
F) All of the above

Question 2

Examine the Fischer projection below. How is this carbohydrate classified?

Accepted Answer

A)   L enantiomer; aldopentose
B)   L enantiomer; ketopentose
C)   D enantiomer; aldohexose
D)   D enantiomer; ketopentoseE) A) and B)
F) A) and C)

Question 3

For cattle, cellulose is a storage homoglycan.

Accepted Answer

A) True 
 B)False

Question 4

Examine the cyclic D-monosaccharide shown below. The ring structure is the and the linear form of this monosaccharide must be a/an .

Accepted Answer

A)   α anomer; ketose
B)   β anomer; ketose
C)   α anomer; aldose
D)   β anomer; aldoseE) None of the above
F) B) and D)

Question 5

Enzymes in the human intestine which are needed to degrade plant starch into limit dextrin are

Accepted Answer

A)   a-Amylase.
B)   β-Amylase.
C)   debranching enzymes.
D)   A and B
E)   A, B, and CF) B) and C)
G) A) and E)

Question 6

Cellulose is not highly branched because it

Accepted Answer

A)   does not have a polysaccharide backbone.
B)   it does not have a-1→6)  linkages.
C)   it does not have β-1→4)  linkages.
D)   it is insoluble in water.E) B) and D)
F) B) and C)

Question 7

Chitin is

Accepted Answer

A)   found in insect and crustacean shells.
B)   found in fungi cell walls.
C)   composed of N-acetylglucosamine subunits.
D)   composed of linear fibrils like cellulose.
E)   All of the aboveF) C) and D)
G) None of the above

Question 8

The main reasons that glycoproteins are so diverse when compared to other proteoglycans are

Accepted Answer

A)   they may contain different sugars in different combinations and chain lengths.
B)   β or a-glycosidic linkages may join various carbon atoms in the sugars.
C)   they are found in both bacterial, plant and animal cells.
D)   A and B
E)   All of the aboveF) C) and D)
G) B) and C)

Question 9

The chemical name for table sugar is and it is a .

Accepted Answer

A)   lactose; monosaccharide
B)   lactose; disaccharide
C)   sucrose; monosaccharide
D)   sucrose; disaccharideE) A) and D)
F) All of the above

Question 10

Both nucleotides and nucleosides are glycosides.

Accepted Answer

A) True 
 B)False

Question 11

Which is true about naturally occurring monosaccharides?

Accepted Answer

A)   The L-isomers predominate.
B)   The D-isomers predominate.
C)   The L and D-isomers occur in equal ratios.
D)   The ratio of L and D-isomers varies widely depending on the source.E) None of the above
F) B) and C)

Question 12

The major proteoglycan in cartilage is .

Accepted Answer

A)   hyaluronic acid
B)   cellobiose
C)   link protein
D)   aggrecanE) A) and B)
F) B) and D)

Question 13

The structures of D-ribose and D-arabinose are shown below. These two molecules are .

Accepted Answer

A)   epimers
B)   enantiomers
C)   tautomers
D)   anomersE) C) and D)
F) None of the above

Question 14

The heteroglycan component of the cell wall is the same in all bacteria, but the cross-linking polypeptide is not.

Accepted Answer

A) True 
 B)False

Question 15

Steric strain is a major factor in determining the conformations of a monosaccharide that predominate in solution.

Accepted Answer

A) True 
 B)False

Question 16

The structure of D-arabinose is shown below. How many stereoisomers are possible for this molecule including the one shown) ?

Accepted Answer

A)   one
B)   four
C)   six
D)   eightE) B) and C)
F) None of the above

Question 17

Unlike proteins, whose primary structures are encoded in DNA, polysaccharides have very little structural variations.

Accepted Answer

A) True 
 B)False

Question 18

The abbreviation for glucose is .

Accepted Answer

A)   glu
B)   gcs
C)   glc
D)   glucE) A) and B)
F) A) and C)

Question 19

Homoglycans are used for storage, while heteroglycans are used for cell structure.

Accepted Answer

A) True 
 B)False

Question 20

The functional group shown is a/an .

Accepted Answer

A)   hemiacetal
B)   hemiketal
C)   acetal
D)   ketalE) B) and D)
F) B) and C)

Exam 8: Carbohydrates

Examine the Fischer projection below. How is this carbohydrate classified?

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Homoglycans are used for storage, while heteroglycans are used for cell structure.

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Which is true about naturally occurring monosaccharides?

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Examine the cyclic D-monosaccharide shown below. The ring structure is the and the linear form of this monosaccharide must be a/an .

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The major proteoglycan in cartilage is .

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Both nucleotides and nucleosides are glycosides.

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Steric strain is a major factor in determining the conformations of a monosaccharide that predominate in solution.

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The abbreviation for glucose is .

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What distinguishes an aldonic acid from an alduronic acid?

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Chitin is

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For cattle, cellulose is a storage homoglycan.

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Cellulose is not highly branched because it

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The structure of D-arabinose is shown below. How many stereoisomers are possible for this molecule including the one shown) ?

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Enzymes in the human intestine which are needed to degrade plant starch into limit dextrin are

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The functional group shown is a/an .

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Unlike proteins, whose primary structures are encoded in DNA, polysaccharides have very little structural variations.

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The heteroglycan component of the cell wall is the same in all bacteria, but the cross-linking polypeptide is not.

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The structures of D-ribose and D-arabinose are shown below. These two molecules are .

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The main reasons that glycoproteins are so diverse when compared to other proteoglycans are

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The chemical name for table sugar is and it is a .

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