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The founder of the Reformation, Martin Luther, originally was


A) a famous Catholic cardinal.
B) an obscure German theology professor deeply troubled about his own salvation.
C) the author of The Institutes of the Christian Religion, confident of his own "election."
D) a revolutionary Anabaptist.
E) a former knight-soldier.

F) B) and D)
G) A) and C)

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Explain the confessionalization of religion during the Reformation and Counter-Reformation.

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Discuss the reign of Charles V and the main challenges he had to face.How did he deal with each of his major problems?

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The Society of Jesus was all of the following except


A) a disciplined and effective Catholic reforming order.
B) famous for its work in education of the laity.
C) a military order dedicated to fighting the Turks.
D) successful in reconverting many regions from Protestantism.
E) founded by Ignatius Loyola who vowed absolute authority to the pope.

F) A) and E)
G) None of the above

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The Book of Common Prayer was the


A) book of worship for recusant Catholics.
B) official prayer book of Henry VIII.
C) standard book of prayer for Anglicans by Cranmer.
D) Catholic text reintroduced by Queen Mary.
E) Calvin's movement for simplifying liturgy.

F) A) and B)
G) A) and C)

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What role did mysticism play in sixteenth-century Catholicism?


A) It increasingly came to be identified with Protestantism.
B) The Catholic Church continued to embrace it as a legitimate form of religious experience.
C) Mysticism almost disappeared during the Counter-Reformation.
D) It had already disappeared during the Renaissance.
E) It was used by reformers through the use of austere prayer and contemplative devotions.

F) B) and E)
G) A) and C)

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Which of the following was fundmental to the religious reform movement of this time?


A) Emphasis was placed on the community of worshippers.
B) Individual belief replaced religious participation.
C) Correct doctrine and orderliness in personal behavior was pursued.
D) State power was the source of religious reform.
E) Inquisitions were organized in the pursuit of reform.

F) None of the above
G) B) and E)

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The Ottoman Turks were masters of coordinated attacks combining artillery and infantry.

A) True
B) False

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Unlike Luther, Zwingli believed


A) that no religious change was necessary.
B) all the teachings of the Catholic Church.
C) that Christ was only spiritually, and not physically, present in Holy Communion.
D) that religious practices should be reformed according to the Bible.
E) that town governments should take the lead in reforming a community.

F) C) and D)
G) A) and C)

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Pope Leo X and Emperor Charles V


A) adopted Luther's ideas with growing enthusiasm.
B) encouraged Luther to continue to teach.
C) criticized Luther's enemies.
D) excommunicated Luther and placed him under imperial ban.
E) took opposing positions in regard to Luther and his Theses.

F) A) and B)
G) C) and D)

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Taking into account the written record of "The Twelve Articles," what was the peasants' understanding of the principle of "by Scripture alone" and how did this influence the way in which they envisioned church life in their villages?

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Both Luther and Zwingli believed that the reform should be a communal movement.

A) True
B) False

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