A) produced philosophers who attempted to show that the classical philosophies went hand in hand with the teachings of the Church.
B) produced philosophers who inadvertently paved the way for the philosophical undermining of the Church.
C) Unlike the Middle Ages, did not produce too many philosophers who had a lasting impact.
D) The most studied philosophy was Scholasticism, which attempted to reconcile the theology of the Christian church with rational thought.
E) All of the above
G) A) and E)
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A) was influenced by Plato and educated sons of wealthy families.
B) was a great leader of humanist thought in Italy.
C) believed that the Spartan model of physical education was advantageous because it prepared one for war.
D) All of the above.
E) A and C only.
G) All of the above
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A) different theories of how the body should be viewed were developed.
B) the groundwork was laid for different attitudes about sport and physical education.
C) physical education and sport were no better off than they were during the Middle Ages.
D) All of the above.
E) A and B only.
G) All of the above
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B) False
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True
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A) believed that the human body was evil and supported the monastic and ascetic approach of the Catholic Church.
B) supported the religious belief of "original sin".
C) rejected the Greek belief that the soul and body are one and that the actions of the body naturally express the humanity of the soul.
D) All of the above.
E) None of the above.
G) A) and E)
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B) False
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A) The historical periods that followed the Middle Ages are known as the Renaissance and the
Reformation.
B) The Renaissance was an intellectual reawakening caused in part by the reintroduction of Greek and Roman thought in intellectual circles that were confined mainly to the upper class and nobility.
C) The Reformation was a religious reawakening that affected all of Western civilization.
D) The Renaissance and the Reformation had a profound impact upon the Catholic Church and as a result, the power of the church was diminished.
E) All of the above.
G) A) and E)
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A) secular ideas about thought and culture.
B) the development of nations.
C) helping to end the Medieval ways of thought associated with the Church.
D) All of the above.
E) A and C only.
G) D) and E)
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A) was a leader in the Reformation and helped change the attitude of Christians towards the body.
B) believed that each individual, no matter what social class he/she belonged to, needs to be educated.
C) believed in honorable and useful forms of exercise such as music and wrestling.
D) believed that the human body should be taken care of for both spiritual and physical reasons.
E) All of the above.
G) A) and B)
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A) was profound - cannot be overestimated.
B) was minimal at best.
C) permeated every aspect of culture
D) A and C only.
E) None of the above.
G) A) and B)
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D
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A) primarily was involved in educating children of wealthy families.
B) believed that games and exercises which develop the muscular activities should be encouraged by every teacher.
C) was a humanist and an early Renaissance writer who believed that athletic skills such as archery,swimming, and spear throwing should be taught to all children so Christians could defend themselves.
D) All of the above.
E) A and B only.
G) A) and C)
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A) The "Renaissance Man" was a male who was well-rounded with regard to education; able to hold intellectual and cultural discussions as well as display his physical and athletic skills.
B) During the Reformation, religious reformers argued that the body housed the soul and as a result, the body could not be denigrated because it was the temple of God.
C) The body was considered by scholars and leaders of the Renaissance and the Reformation to be more important than it was during the Middle Ages.
D) All of the above.
E) B and C only.
G) D) and E)
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B) False
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A) Renaissance thinkers undermined the philosophical basis used by the Church to control its members by reading and discussing philosophies that were contrary to those of the Church.
B) In general, classical philosophies of the Greeks and Romans emphasized how to live in the secular world while Christian religion emphasized life in the spiritual world.
C) Many intellectuals began to differ with the Church as to what was "reality". As a result, a new view emerged that believed that the material world ("the here-and-now") and our bodily experiences were indeed, "real" and important.
D) Renaissance philosophy, along with the rediscovery of Greek beliefs about the body, physical education and athletic competition, laid the groundwork for the justification of physical education in Western civilization.
E) All of the above.
G) A) and D)
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E
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B) False
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A) the Renaissance was a time of dramatic philosophical change, a time when painters and sculptors celebrated the human form.
B) Leonardo da Vinci (1452-1519) was the quintessential Renaissance Man who excelled as an artist, musician, engineer, mathematician, and scientist.
C) da Vinci studied anatomy by dissecting corpses and made more than 200 accurate human anatomy drawings.
D) da Vinci's anatomical drawings and notes on physiological function were studied by Renaissance scientists and others interested in kinesiology and exercise.
E) All of the above.
G) A) and D)
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A) Michelangelo (1475-1564) was a gifted painter, sculptor, poet, and architect.
B) Sculpted the famous white marble masterpiece titled DAVID which is considered to be a perfect anatomical and physical model of a young male.
C) Both Leonardo da Vinci and Michelangelo depicted the human body in sculpture and painting in exquisite anatomical detail.
D) Renaissance artists like da Vinci and Michelangelo believed that the human body is the most beautiful form on earth and should be studied and celebrated in art.
E) None of the above are false.
G) C) and D)
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A) As a result of the diminished authority of the Catholic Church, a significant change relative to how Western civilization viewed the body occurred.
B) The philosophies of Plato and Aristotle made significant contribution to Renaissance thought.
C) Humanists, those individuals who focused on the "human condition", gained a strong foothold during the Renaissance much to the dismay of the Catholic Church who insisted spiritual matters must take precedence over secular/humanist matters if eternal salvation is to be conferred.
D) None of the above.
E) All of the above
G) A) and E)
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A) championed the cause of physical education in Europe's schools.
B) had a positive effect on the development of sport and physical education well into the twentieth century.
C) encouraged his followers to "play, dance, and sing".
D) All of the above.
E) None of the above.
G) B) and E)
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A) was stimulated by religious zeal.
B) goal was to "re-form" the Catholic Church.
C) caused the creation of the various Protestant (from "protest") sects and a new rebuilt version of the Church.
D) produced changes in culture and beliefs about the nature of the human body.
E) All of the above.
G) A) and C)
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