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Exam 1: An Overview of Cells and Cell Research

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Question 31

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A common use of green fluorescent protein (GFP) is to

A) label antibodies.
B) visualize proteins in living cells.
C) photobleach other fluorescent proteins.
D) label DNA sequences.

E) None of the above
F) A) and B)

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Question 32

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The cell lineage that eventually became the plants acquired _______before acquiring _______.

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mitochondr...

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Question 33

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Freeze fracture splits lipid bilayers and allows examination of the distribution of proteins that span the bilayer.

Which energy-producing process is thought to have come first during cellular evolution?

The two major groups of prokaryotic cells are the _______ and the _______, which diverged early in evolution.

Solid tissues in animals include epithelial tissue, _______ tissue, nervous tissue, and muscle.

Model systems such as Caenorhabditis elegans, Drosophila melanogaster, and zebrafish are especially useful for studying problems in cell differentiation and developmental biology because, in contrast to single cells such as E. coli and yeast, they are _______ systems.

The original cell was thought to have arisen from the enclosure of self-replicating _______ by a phospholipid membrane.

Transmission electron microscopy is used to

The adult nematode worm Caenorhabditis elegans consists of _______ somatic cells.

Most laboratories make use of cultured cells to study human disease. What makes these cultured cells such useful models?

Studies on which model organism led to the initial discovery of important mechanisms controlling the development of the animal body plan?

Why must the development of photosynthesis have preceded the development of oxidative phosphorylation?

_______ cells, the most commonly used cell line, were derived from a biopsy of a tumor carried by Henrietta Lacks.

Organisms that evolved the ability to use H₂O as a donor of electrons and hydrogen for the photosynthetic conversion of CO₂ to organic compounds radically changed Earth by producing

In visualizing protein localization within a cell, what are the relative advantages and disadvantages of tagging proteins with green fluorescent protein (GFP) versus using a fluorescent antibody specific to the protein of interest (immunofluorescence)?

Normal human fibroblasts can be grown only for 50-100 doublings in culture, after which they stop growing and die.

Why have viruses been so useful in the elucidation of cellular processes?

Totipotency is a term that is often applied to cells in a plant callus tissue in culture and might by extension be applied to embryonic stem cells from animals. With appropriate manipulation of nutrients and growth regulatory molecules, an entire plant can be regenerated from a single cell within a callus. Taking this as an example of the developmental potential of a single plant cell, define the term "totipotency."

At the time life arose on Earth, Earth's atmosphere contained abundant amounts of all of the following except