A) radical, vengeful program, imposing northern values on southerners.
B) program of political and economic adjustment that failed because of racism.
C) time defined by the failure to send blacks to Liberia.
D) time of presidential dominance that ended in corruption and disillusionment.
F) A) and C)
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B
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Republicans in Congress impeached Johnso...View Answer
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A) abolished slavery.
B) defined citizenship.
C) expanded suffrage.
D) officially ended Reconstruction.
F) A) and B)
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The election of Rutherford B. Hayes, a Republican, in 1876 is often cited as a pivotal moment signaling the end of the Reconstruction era in the United States. Reconstruction was the period following the Civil War during which the federal government attempted to reintegrate the eleven states of the Confederacy back into the Union, while also ensuring the rights of newly freed slaves.
The election itself was highly contested and fraught with accusations of fraud and voter intimidation. Hayes was running against Democrat Samuel J. Tilden. On election night, it was unclear who had won, as several states had disputed results. Tilden had won the popular vote, but the outcome hinged on the electoral votes of Florida, Louisiana, and South Carolina – all states with Reconstruction-era Republican governments.
To resolve the impasse, a bipartisan Electoral Commission was formed, consisting of fifteen members: five from the House of Representatives, five from the Senate, and five from the Supreme Court. The commission ultimately awarded all the disputed electoral votes to Hayes, giving him a one-vote victory in the Electoral College.
However, this decision came with a compromise, known as the Compromise of 1877. Southern Democrats agreed to concede the presidency to Hayes in exchange for the withdrawal of federal troops from the South, which effectively ended Reconstruction. The compromise also included the appointment of at least one Southern Democrat to Hayes's cabinet and the construction of another transcontinental railroad.
The withdrawal of federal troops had a profound impact on the South and the newly freed African Americans. Without the support of the military, the Republican governments in the South collapsed, and the Democratic Party, which at the time was largely composed of former Confederates and their sympathizers, regained control. This shift allowed for the enactment of Jim Crow laws, which institutionalized racial segregation and disenfranchised African Americans, reversing many of the gains made during Reconstruction.
In summary, the election of Rutherford B. Hayes marked the end of Reconstruction because it led to the Compromise of 1877, which resulted in the withdrawal of federal troops from the South, the collapse of Republican state governments there, and the rise of the Democratic Party's dominance in the region, which subsequently led to the disenfranchisement and oppression of African Americans for decades to come.
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A) former slaves who really tried could achieve a measure of prosperity in the postwar South.
B) Reconstruction clearly hinged on northern rather than southern actions after the war.
C) Reconstruction was an impossible task, for neither northerners nor southerners wanted African Americans to gain political and economic opportunity.
D) for former slaves to attain meaningful lives as free citizens, they would need economic power, which in turn required political power.
F) All of the above
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A) alienated whites by pushing for social equality and land reform.
B) were more radical in their views than the black population at large.
C) manipulated the Freedmen's Bureau to impose unequal labor contracts on white planters.
D) were educated professionals, independent landowners, or otherwise from the ranks of black elites.
F) A) and B)
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Lincoln's program of Reconstruction, as ...View Answer
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A) would cost them votes in the North; a program designed to attract white support in the South
B) ignored the reality of slavery; the Thirteenth Amendment over the president's objections
C) was too lenient; the more stringent Wade-Davis bill, which Lincoln pocket-vetoed
D) was acceptable; its essential provisions, but shifted primary responsibility to Congress
F) None of the above
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Religion and education played a key role in African American culture in the South during the Reconstruction era for several reasons. Firstly, religion provided a source of hope, strength, and community for African Americans who were facing immense challenges and discrimination. Churches became a central part of black life, serving as not only places of worship but also as spaces for organizing, socializing, and education. Many black churches also became hubs for political activism and resistance against racial oppression.
Education was also crucial for African Americans during this time as it provided opportunities for social and economic advancement. Despite facing significant barriers to accessing education, many black communities in the South worked tirelessly to establish schools and provide learning opportunities for their children. Education was seen as a means of empowerment and a way to challenge the systemic racism and inequality that existed in the South.
Examples of the importance of religion and education in black life during the Reconstruction era can be seen in the establishment of historically black colleges and universities such as Howard University and Fisk University, which provided higher education opportunities for African Americans. Additionally, the rise of influential black religious leaders such as Frederick Douglass and Sojourner Truth demonstrated the central role of religion in the fight for civil rights and equality.
Overall, religion and education were essential components of African American culture in the South during the Reconstruction era, providing sources of strength, community, and empowerment in the face of immense adversity.
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A) Johnson's influence in Congress was increasing.
B) The power of the Radicals in Congress was waning.
C) The country's support for Johnson was increasing.
D) Radicals in Congress feared counteraction by the Supreme Court if they convicted Johnson.
F) A) and B)
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A) despair and defiance.
B) remorse and resolve to rebuild.
C) willingness to give an appearance of accommodation to northern desires.
D) grudging recognition that they had to repudiate their old-line Confederate leadership.
F) C) and D)
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A) citizenship and suffrage for former slaves
B) a requirement that southern states ratify the Fourteenth Amendment before readmission
C) military occupation
D) a land reform measure that would grant small tracts of farmland to deserving freedmen
F) A) and C)
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A) the behavior of southern reconstruction governments
B) the persuasive actions of Radicals in rallying public opinion for their program
C) secret lobbying offering lucrative opportunities in a South occupied by northern troops
D) the president's uncompromising veto of a civil rights bill
F) A) and B)
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A) The central focus of its program was to protect the land rights of blacks.
B) It sought to build Republican Party support in the South by winning the black vote and curtailing the power of the planter class.
C) Its influence grew when Johnson's vetoes drove moderates into the Democratic Party.
D) Its influence waned when northern voters repudiated Radical congressmen at the polls in 1866.
F) B) and C)
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A) the Freedmen's Bureau and the Supreme Court.
B) the black-controlled state legislatures and the land reform program.
C) the sharecrop system and the black codes.
D) the schools and the churches.
F) C) and D)
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