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Exam 6: The Need to Justify Our Actions: the Costs and Benefits of Dissonance Reduction

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Question 31

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According to the authors of your text, one of the most powerful determinants of human behavior stems from our need to

A) acquire as much social power as possible.
B) forge strong connections with other people.
C) preserve and maintain a relatively favorable view of ourselves.
D) behave in rational, logical, reasonable ways.

E) A) and B)
F) None of the above

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Question 32

Multiple Choice

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Based on the Ben Franklin effect, you are most likely to increase your liking for Tony when

A) Tony lends you $10.
B) you lend Tony $10.
C) Tony returns the $10 you lent him.
D) Tony finds $10.

E) A) and B)
F) B) and D)

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Question 33

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When preschoolers were forbidden to play with a very attractive toy, some received mild threats of punishment, and others received severe threats of punishment should they disobey (Aronson & Carlsmith, 1963) .Because they had ________ justification, children in the mild threat condition experienced ________ dissonance, and changed their rating of the forbidden toy.

Recall that Brehm (1956) asked women to rate the desirability of a number of appliances, and then allowed them to choose one of those appliances as a gift.Twenty minutes later, all women re-rated the same appliances, including the one they chose.According to his findings, which of the following (fictitious) participants would rate the toaster lower than she had originally?

In a study referred to in the text (Peterson, Haynes, & Olson, 2008) , smokers were asked to create an antismoking video to be shown to high school students, invoking dissonance in the smokers.To alleviate the dissonance they would then experience, what were these smokers more likely to do?

Recall that in experiments presented in your text (Leippe & Eisenstadt, 1994; 1998) , why did white participants experience dissonance after writing essays in favor of doubling scholarship funds for minority students?

In a classic experiment, researchers (Aronson & Mettee, 1968) gave positive false feedback to some students, negative false feedback to some students, and no feedback to others.They were interested in seeing how self-esteem would affect the likelihood of cheating.What was the result of their experiment?

Lisa and Marcie have a really tough exam in anthropology.Both women are considering cheating on the exam.Based on what you read about cognitive dissonance, Lisa, who ________, is likely to later report that all cheaters should be punished severely, and Marcie, who ________, is likely to report that cheating really is no big deal because there are no victims.

Imagine that before a test, the professor told Jake that if he is caught cheating, he will be expelled.Imagine that the professor told Amanda that, if caught cheating, her only punishment will be to write a short paper about why cheating is wrong.If both students don't cheat, what would dissonance theory predict?

The new governor hires you to devise a plan to stop bullying in the schools.Based on the principle of insufficient punishment, what might be a good way to punish bullies?

"There's no way I'd give up drinking! I'd just be stressed out all the time," says Lilly, as she sips her third martini of the evening.Lilly's comments about her drinking habit are an example of using ________ to reduce cognitive dissonance.

Ken participates in a psychology study where he has to make statements that are contrary to his thoughts and values.Then, the researchers reminded him of this inconsistency.Ken has participated in which of the following?

A mother is trying to get her child to behave in the store and to stop running around, yelling, and grabbing things off the shelves.According to cognitive dissonance theory, if she wants to stop the child's behavior immediately for the time being, she should use a ________, but if she wants to more permanently change the behavior, she should use a ________.

The authors of your text present a study in which monkeys were given a choice between different colors of M&Ms-later, their preference for different colors of M&Ms was reassessed.The researchers found that the monkeys

As mentioned in the text, a Yale researcher (Cohen, 1962) paid some students relatively little and others relatively more to write an essay that contradicted their true beliefs about the local police.Results of his experiment demonstrated that

Talia loves animals but still eats meat.When she experiences dissonance about the contradiction, she tells herself that she also volunteers her time at an animal shelter.This manner of reducing dissonance involves

According to dissonance theorists, what is the problem with severe punishment to control behaviors? Severe punishment

A recent MRI study revealed that when participants successfully reduced and resolved their cognitive dissonance, they experienced

Of the four people presented below, which one would feel the LEAST regret about altering her appearance, based on information in your text about cognitive dissonance?

According to the authors of your text, what is one way people can begin to learn from their mistakes?