A) Australopithecus afarensis had increased cranial capacity.
B) Australopithecus afarensis had better color vision than apes.
C) Australopithecus afarensis had a narrow chest, whereas living apes have a barrel chest.
D) Australopithecus afarensis had lost its prehensile tail.
E) Australopithecus afarensis was bipedal.
G) D) and E)
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A) was discovered in 1999 in Ethiopia, along with traces of animal butchery.
B) adds a new potential ancestor to the human family tree.
C) made pebble tools around 2.6 m.y.a., challenging the long-held belief that Homo habilis was the first toolmaking human ancestor.
D) displaces Lucy as the most complete skeletal fossil specimen found so far.
E) provides evidence that the thigh bone (femur) had elongated by 2.5 million years ago, a million years before the forearm shortened, to create our current limb proportions.
G) B) and E)
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A) there are still some creationists who argue that they should form a distinct subfamily.
B) the designation australopithecine has stuck in describing them.
C) we still use australopithecine to honor the legacy of the Leakey family.
D) australopithecines certainly do form a distinct tribe.
E) some prominent paleoanthropologists are not convinced and have threatened to withdraw from the American Anthropological Association.
G) D) and E)
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A) Homo sapiens
B) Homo erectus
C) Ramapithecus
D) Australopithecus
E) Dryopithecus
G) B) and D)
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A) the distinction between those who stress diversity and divergence, and those who focus on similarities across fossil finds.
B) that more fossil evidence isn't necessarily better, because it only leads to more misinterpretation.
C) the distinction between creationists and evolutionists.
D) the difference between those who consider bipedalism as the key hominin feature, and those that consider large brain size the key feature.
E) that not all paleoanthropologists value human diversity.
G) A) and C)
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A) 20 to 15 m.y.a.
B) the Holocene.
C) the Pliocene and Pleistocene epochs.
D) the early Miocene.
E) 400,000 to 300,000 years ago.
G) A) and B)
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A) It puts an end to the debate between taxonomic "splitters" and "lumpers."
B) It confirms that the development of big brains preceded the onset of bipedalism.
C) It replaces Lucy (3.2 m.y.a.) as the earliest known hominin skeleton.
D) It is the ancestor of Homo but not australopithecines.
E) It suggests the possibility that at least two hominin lineages existed as far back as 3.5 million years ago.
G) C) and D)
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A) they show that humans evolved in Asia rather than Africa.
B) they are the oldest hominin fossils yet found in the New World.
C) A.afarensis remains are the oldest to be found in association with evidence of both stone tools and fire use.
D) they comprise the first fossil evidence to confirm that bipedalism preceded the evolution of a humanlike brain.
E) they show that the gracile australopithecines were not hominins after all.
G) B) and E)
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B) False
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B) False
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A) Australopithecus sediba is the oldest fully bipedal ape fossil.
B) Australopithecus sediba shows a mix of ape features and humanlike features.
C) Australopithecus sediba is younger than Homo erectus.
D) Australopithecus sediba had a human-sized brain but still lived in trees.
E) many researchers suspect that there was genetic admixture between Australopithecus sediba and Homo populations.
G) A) and E)
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A) the Laetoli site in northern Tanzania yielded a series of fossilized footprints.
B) although the fossils from these two regions were deposited half a million years apart, their many resemblances justify including them all as part of the same species, Homo habilis.
C) Lucy, a tiny hominin female who lived around 3 m.y.a., was found in the Hadar site in the Afar region of Ethiopia.
D) the fossils from both Laetoli and Hadar forced a reinterpretation of the early hominin record, suggesting that hominins are much closer to apes than previously known.
E) the fossils from both Laetoli and Hadar are representative of A.afarensis.
G) B) and D)
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A) They had a greater cranial capacity than Homo erectus.
B) They lived in the tropical forest.
C) They have been found predominantly in West Africa.
D) They were fully bipedal.
E) They were primarily carnivores.
G) B) and E)
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A) may have evolved as a result of anatomical changes caused by stone tool manufacturing.
B) evolved as a result of anatomical changes caused by an increase in brain size.
C) perhaps developed in the woodlands but became even more adaptive in a savanna habitat.
D) resulted in greater exposure to heat stress because on two feet, hominins spent increasingly more time in the open grasslands.
E) was accompanied by a sharp increase in hominins' climbing abilities.
G) A) and B)
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B) False
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B) False
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