Question 1

The countercurrent multiplier recaptures __________ and is based on fluid flowing in the __________ direction in two adjacent tubules.

Accepted Answer

A)  potassium; same
B)  calcium; opposite
C)  calcium; same
D)  sodium; opposite
E)  sodium; sameF) B) and E)
G) A) and E)

Question 2

To meet the definition of polyuria,the minimum daily output of urine is __________.

Accepted Answer

A)  0.5 L
B)  1.0 L
C)  1.5 L
D)  2.0 L
E)  3.0 LF) B) and C)
G) A) and B)

Question 3

Creatinine has a renal clearance of 140 mL/min.Why is this?

Accepted Answer

A)  It is absorbed by the nephron loop.
B)  It is secreted by the glomerulus.
C)  It is absorbed by the renal tubules.
D)  It is secreted by the renal tubules.
E)  It is produced in the pulmonary tissue.F) All of the above
G) A) and E) D

Question 4

A hospital patient produces 4 mL/min of urine with a urea concentration of 8 mg/mL.Venous blood draw reveals urea concentration of 0.4 mg/mL.What is the percentage of cleared urea from glomerular filtrate?

Accepted Answer

A)  40%
B)  56%
C)  64%
D)  72%
E)  80%F) A) and C)
G) D) and E)

Question 5

Glomerular filtration occurs because glomerular oncotic pressure overrides glomerular blood pressure.

Accepted Answer

A) True 
 B)False  False

Question 6

Which of the following form the inner layer of the glomerular capsule and wrap around the capillaries of the glomerulus?

Accepted Answer

A)  Macula densa cells
B)  Mesangial cells
C)  Nephrocytes
D)  Podocytes
E)  MonocytesF) B) and D)
G) A) and D)

Question 7

A byproduct of protein catabolism,__________ constitutes approximately one-half of all nitrogenous waste.

Accepted Answer

A)  urea
B)  creatinine
C)  uric acid
D)  azotemia
E)  ammoniaF) C) and D)
G) A) and B)

Question 8

Assuming all other values are normal,calculate the net filtration pressure in a patient with a drop in capsular hydrostatic pressure to 8 mmHg.

Accepted Answer

A)  10 mm Hg out
B)  20 mm Hg out
C)  30 mm Hg out
D)  40 mm Hg out
E)  50 mm Hg outF) A) and E)
G) A) and D)

Question 9

Renin hydrolyzes angiotensinogen,which is released from the _________,to form angiotensin I.

Accepted Answer

A)  lungs
B)  kidneys
C)  liver
D)  heart
E)  spleenF) A) and E)
G) A) and C)

Question 10

Which of the following is a direct result of antidiuretic hormone?

Accepted Answer

A)  Decreased urine volume
B)  Decreased urine molarity
C)  Increased urine volume
D)  Increased urine salinity
E)  Increased urine acidityF) A) and B)
G) C) and D)

Question 11

Which of the following is not found in the ureter?

Accepted Answer

A)  Adventitia
B)  Two layers of smooth muscle
C)  Three layers of smooth muscle
D)  Transitional epithelium
E)  Skeletal muscleF) B) and D)
G) All of the above

Question 12

The ureters pass anterior to the bladder and enter it from below.

Accepted Answer

A) True 
 B)False  False

Question 13

The mechanism of stabilizing the GFR based on the tendency of smooth muscle to contract when stretched is known as __________.

Accepted Answer

A)  renal autoregulation
B)  the myogenic mechanism
C)  tubuloglomerular feedback
D)  sympathetic control
E)  the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone mechanismF) C) and D)
G) A) and D)

Question 14

The __________ is not a portion of the urethra.

Accepted Answer

A)  external urethral orifice
B)  internal urethral sphincter
C)  prostatic urethra
D)  membranous urethra
E)  spongy urethraF) B) and C)
G) All of the above

Question 15

Because of the great deal of active transport that occurs here,the __________ of one's nephrons collectively account for about 6% of one's daily resting ATP and caloric consumption.

Accepted Answer

A)  proximal convoluted tubules
B)  distal convoluted tubules
C)  loops of Henle
D)  collecting ducts
E)  glomeruliF) B) and D)
G) A) and C)

Question 16

Which of the following is not true about the anatomy of the urinary system?

Accepted Answer

A)  The kidneys are retroperitoneal.
B)  The ureters connect the kidneys to the urinary bladder.
C)  The urethra of males is longer than the urethra of females.
D)  The kidneys are at equal heights within the pelvic cavity.
E)  The right kidney is located more inferiorly than the left kidney.F) A) and D)
G) B) and C)

Question 17

A renal pyramid voids urine into the __________.

Accepted Answer

A)  minor calyx
B)  major calyx
C)  renal medulla
D)  renal papilla
E)  ureterF) C) and D)
G) B) and C)

Question 18

Which of the following is not a method by which atrial natriuretic peptide reduces blood volume and pressure?

Accepted Answer

A)  Increasing glomerular filtration rate
B)  Inhibiting renin and aldosterone secretion
C)  Inhibiting the action of ADH on the kidney
D)  Inhibiting NaCl reabsorption by the collecting duct
E)  Preventing sodium loss in the urineF) C) and E)
G) A) and B)

Question 19

In the thick segment of the ascending limb of the nephron loop,K+ reenters the cell from the interstitial fluid via the _________.K+ is then secreted into the tubular fluid.

Accepted Answer

A)  Na+-K+ pump
B)  countercurrent multiplier
C)  countercurrent exchange
D)  vasa recta
E)  juxtaglomerular apparatusF) A) and B)
G) B) and D)

Question 20

Natriuretic peptide inhibits __________ reabsorption by the collecting duct,which _________ urine output.

Accepted Answer

A)  K+; increases
B)  NaCl; decreases
C)  NaCl; increases
D)  K+; decreases
E)  Ca2+; increasesF) A) and C)
G) A) and B)

Exam 23: The Urinary System

The countercurrent multiplier recaptures __________ and is based on fluid flowing in the __________ direction in two adjacent tubules.

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

To meet the definition of polyuria,the minimum daily output of urine is __________.

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

Creatinine has a renal clearance of 140 mL/min.Why is this?

Correct AnswerverifiedD

A hospital patient produces 4 mL/min of urine with a urea concentration of 8 mg/mL.Venous blood draw reveals urea concentration of 0.4 mg/mL.What is the percentage of cleared urea from glomerular filtrate?

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

Glomerular filtration occurs because glomerular oncotic pressure overrides glomerular blood pressure.

Correct AnswerverifiedFalse

Which of the following form the inner layer of the glomerular capsule and wrap around the capillaries of the glomerulus?

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

A byproduct of protein catabolism,__________ constitutes approximately one-half of all nitrogenous waste.

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

Assuming all other values are normal,calculate the net filtration pressure in a patient with a drop in capsular hydrostatic pressure to 8 mmHg.

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

Renin hydrolyzes angiotensinogen,which is released from the _________,to form angiotensin I.

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

Which of the following is a direct result of antidiuretic hormone?

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

Which of the following is not found in the ureter?

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

The ureters pass anterior to the bladder and enter it from below.

Correct AnswerverifiedFalse

The mechanism of stabilizing the GFR based on the tendency of smooth muscle to contract when stretched is known as __________.

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

The __________ is not a portion of the urethra.

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

Because of the great deal of active transport that occurs here,the __________ of one's nephrons collectively account for about 6% of one's daily resting ATP and caloric consumption.

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

Which of the following is not true about the anatomy of the urinary system?

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

A renal pyramid voids urine into the __________.

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

Which of the following is not a method by which atrial natriuretic peptide reduces blood volume and pressure?

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

In the thick segment of the ascending limb of the nephron loop,K+ reenters the cell from the interstitial fluid via the _________.K+ is then secreted into the tubular fluid.

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

Natriuretic peptide inhibits __________ reabsorption by the collecting duct,which _________ urine output.

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

The countercurrent multiplier recaptures and is based on fluid flowing in the direction in two adjacent tubules.

Correct Answer
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D

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False

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False

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In the thick segment of the ascending limb of the nephron loop,K⁺ reenters the cell from the interstitial fluid via the _________.K⁺ is then secreted into the tubular fluid.

Correct Answer
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Natriuretic peptide inhibits __ reabsorption by the collecting duct,which _ urine output.

Correct Answer
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