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According to Vygotsky,scaffolding is


A) changing the level of support when teaching a child.
B) adjusting the amount of guidance necessary to learn a skill.
C) giving direct instructions, if needed.
D) All of these.

E) B) and C)
F) A) and D)

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Two-year-old Ryan has just begun to "pretend" by imagining things that aren't real.The best assessment of this ability is that Ryan


A) lacks object permanence.
B) possesses one of the key skills of a preoperational thinker.
C) appears to lack the ability to form a scheme.
D) is extremely gifted, since the ability to pretend does not typically emerge until 5 years of age.

E) None of the above
F) C) and D)

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All but which one of the following are ways that Vygotsky's theory can be incorporated into the classroom?


A) Teachers should use the zone of proximal development when teaching.
B) Teachers should rarely use scaffolding because it confuses the children.
C) Teachers should allow more-skilled peers to help out with the teaching.
D) Teachers should encourage the use of private speech with their students.

E) B) and D)
F) All of the above

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According to Vygotsky,thoughts are best conceptualized as


A) private speech.
B) being at the upper level of a person's zone of proximal development.
C) unimportant.
D) occurring only after the attainment of concrete operational thought.

E) All of the above
F) None of the above

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Piaget argued that movement from one stage of thought to the next was triggered by


A) assimilation.
B) organization.
C) accommodation.
D) disequilibrium.

E) All of the above
F) None of the above

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According to Piaget,passing what test is a sign that children are at the concrete operational stage?


A) the three-mountains task
B) the conservation-of-liquid task
C) the seriation task
D) the symbolic function task

E) C) and D)
F) A) and C)

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When an infant understands that objects and events continue to exist even when they cannot be seen,heard,or touched,the infant has achieved


A) equilibration.
B) deferred imitation.
C) circular reactions.
D) object permanence.

E) A) and B)
F) None of the above

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The preoperational stage extends from approximately


A) age 1 to age 3.
B) age 2 to age 4.
C) age 2 to age 7.
D) age 7 to age 11.

E) C) and D)
F) None of the above

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Piaget's sensorimotor substage of internalization of schemes occurs between ________ months of age.


A) 1 and 4
B) 4 and 8
C) 12 and 18
D) 18 and 24

E) B) and C)
F) B) and D)

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If an infant in the coordination of secondary circular reactions substage of sensorimotor development manipulates a stick in order to bring a desired toy within reach or knocks over one block to reach and play with another one,this would be an example of


A) object permanence.
B) intentionality.
C) coordination.
D) None of these.

E) A) and B)
F) None of the above

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Which of the following is not a characteristic of preoperational thought?


A) intuitive reasoning
B) egocentrism
C) symbolic thought
D) conservation skills

E) B) and C)
F) A) and D)

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_____________________________ involves the ability to logically combine relations to understand certain conclusions.


A) Seriation
B) Abstraction
C) Logic
D) Transitivity

E) A) and B)
F) C) and D)

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While strolling through the zoo with his mother,5-year-old Tim sees a penguin for the first time.He stares at the animal for a while and then tells his mother,"See the wings and beak,that's just some kind of bird." From a Piagetian perspective,Tim's behaviour is best explained by


A) accommodation.
B) biodynamics.
C) assimilation.
D) equilibrium.

E) B) and D)
F) A) and B)

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When 6-year-old Megan spills a glass of pop,she looks down and realizes that the seemingly huge amount of liquid would actually fit back into her small glass.Megan's conclusion provides an excellent example of


A) reversibility.
B) sensorimotor logic.
C) classification.
D) hypothetical.

E) All of the above
F) A) and B)

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Piaget's sensorimotor substage of simple reflexes occurs


A) in the first month after birth.
B) between 1 and 4 months of age.
C) between 4 and 8 months of age.
D) between 8 and 12 months of age.

E) A) and B)
F) All of the above

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A scheme is best thought of as a


A) behaviour.
B) symbolic image.
C) simple organized pattern of knowledge.
D) process of adjusting to new information.

E) B) and D)
F) None of the above

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Five-year-old Marge watches other children playing in a sandlot.At first she only understands swinging at the ball with a bat.Then she learns about running,catching,and pitching.Eventually,Marge develops a functional cognitive system called "playing baseball." According to Piaget,Marge has achieved __________ of baseball information.


A) disequilibrium
B) organization
C) object permanence
D) a secondary circular reaction

E) None of the above
F) C) and D)

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What is the correct developmental sequence of Piaget's stages of cognitive development?


A) preoperational, formal operational, sensorimotor, concrete operational
B) preoperational, sensorimotor, concrete operational, formal operational
C) sensorimotor, preoperational, concrete operational, formal operational
D) sensorimotor, preoperational, formal operational, concrete operational

E) A) and B)
F) A) and C)

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Assimilation is to accommodation as


A) genetic is to environmental.
B) Piaget is to Freud.
C) cognitive is to social.
D) incorporating is to adjusting.

E) B) and C)
F) A) and D)

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Who would be most likely to argue that the speech produced by 3-year-old Gina is socially based and is a main guide of her behaviour?


A) Jean Piaget
B) David Elkind
C) Lev Vygotsky
D) Mary Ainsworth

E) All of the above
F) A) and B)

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