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Exam 9: Causal-Comparative Research

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Question 1

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A causal-comparative study requires

A) a researcher manipulated grouping variable.
B) established groups that differ on some variable.
C) beginning with effects and investigating causes.
D) three or more levels of grouping variable and one dependent variable.

E) A) and B)
F) A) and C)

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B

Question 2

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Given the following design, identify the most probable example of the study from the descriptions below. E X O C O

A) Ned examines how fourth graders who were provided after school homework help and those who were not on the end of year mathematics test.
B) Ned describes the typical mathematics standardized test that fourth graders are required to take in his state.
C) Ned compares how fourth graders given either after school homework help via the phone or the Internet perform on the end of year mathematics test.
D) Ned examines how the amount of homework help available after school relates to performance on the end of year mathematics test.

E) A) and C)
F) A) and B)

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Question 3

Multiple Choice

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All of the following are relative weaknesses of causal-comparative research when compared with other forms of quantitative research EXCEPT

Which of the following is considered an ability variable?

Katrina has conducted a study that examines entering children's social skills. She had first-grade teachers rate students' social skills at the end of first grade. She then compared the scores of students who attended formal Pre-Kindergarten programs with those who did not. What is the dependent variable in Katrina's study?

Ms. Angelo examines whether there are differences in students' gain achievement scores from the last administration based upon the nature of the out of class reading she assigns during the school year. In two of her sections, she allows students to read seven books that they want to read. In two of her other sections, she assigns seven texts. In her last two sections she assigns four texts and allows students to select three. What is the dependent measure in Ms. Angelo's study?

Of the following, which is considered an organismic variable?

Katrina has conducted a study that examines entering children's social skills. She had first-grade teachers rate students' social skills at the end of first grade. She then compared the scores of students who attended formal Pre-Kindergarten programs with those who did not. What is the independent variable in Katrina's study?

One similarity between causal-comparative and experimental research is that both

One similarity between causal-comparative and correlational research is that both

Alice's study examined the benefits of early morning exercise on young children's attention during circle time. She had two groups of students, one who came to circle time first and then had recess and a second group that had recess before circle time. She is comparing the groups' attention based upon a frequency of off-task behaviors by group at circle. The likely descriptive statistic for Alice's dependent variable is

Of the following which is an example of a prospective casual-comparative study?

Given the following design, identify the most probable example of the study from the descriptions below. E X₁ O C X₂ O

Ruth collected data on boys' and girls' self-esteem. Which statistical procedure will Ruth employ to analyze differences between conditions?

Of the following, which describes a likely causal-comparative study?

Katlyn examined attitudes about a new portfolio assignment she included in her advanced graphics class. She felt this assignment might result in more positive attitudes in her male students than in her female students. She is concerned about extraneous variables and would like to control use ACT scores as a control Which of the following is the best control procedure?

Jon is interested in the benefits of community service for student self-esteem. He administers a self-esteem measure at the beginning of the school year and then assigns students to one of three types of community service activities. After the service is complete he again measures their self-esteem to see differences. Which of the following might be a causal-comparative research question Jon first posed prior to designing his study?

Stan's study examined the differences in self-concept between children enrolled in a summer outdoor adventure program and those who were not. The adventure group children had slightly higher self-concept prior to the program than the comparison group, so Stan took individual's initial self-concept score into consideration when he examined his data. Which of the following strategies for controlling extraneous variables did Stan employ?

Ms. Angelo examines whether there are differences in students' gain achievement scores from the last administration based upon the nature of the out of class reading she assigns during the school year. In two of her sections, she allows students to read seven books that they want to read. In two of her other sections, she assigns seven texts. In her last two sections she assigns four texts and allows students to select three. What is the independent measure in Ms. Angelo's study?

Laura is designing a study that examines difference in social skills between children raised in a three-generation family household compared to those raised in a two-generation family home. Laura is most likely to study this research problem by use of causal-comparative research because