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Daniel has been diagnosed with bipolar disorder.Describe the symptoms he most likely experienced prior to treatment.

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A major depressive disorder is most likely to be characterized by


A) a seasonal pattern of symptoms.
B) alternations between extreme hopelessness and unrealistic optimism.
C) a persistent irrational fear of other people.
D) feelings of personal worthlessness.

E) All of the above
F) B) and D)

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Suicide rates in the United States are ________ among Whites than Blacks and ________ among men than women.


A) higher;higher
B) lower;lower
C) higher;lower
D) lower;higher

E) B) and D)
F) B) and C)

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Bret has bipolar disorder.He is likely to experience which of the following altered brain structures?


A) decreased white matter and enlarged fluid-filled ventricles
B) increased activity in the left frontal lobe
C) decreased activity in the amygdala
D) increased activity in the anterior cingulate cortex and decreased gray matter

E) None of the above
F) All of the above

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Although questions remain concerning the cause(s) of depression,we do know that


A) most major depressive episodes do not self-terminate.
B) women are nearly twice as likely as men to suffer from major depressive disorder.
C) the rate of major depressive disorder is decreasing.
D) major depressive episodes are never preceded by stressful events.

E) A) and D)
F) C) and D)

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Which of the following disorders typically occurs in periodic episodes that eventually terminate by themselves even without professional help?


A) bipolar disorder
B) linkage analysis
C) major depressive disorder
D) disruptive mood dysregulation disorder

E) A) and B)
F) None of the above

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Compared with those who suffer no disorder,those with alcohol use disorder have a ________ risk of committing suicide.Compared with the general population,those who have been depressed have a ________ risk of committing suicide.


A) higher;higher
B) lower;lower
C) higher;lower
D) lower;higher

E) All of the above
F) A) and B)

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Samantha,a wife and mother of three,who also has a full-time job,has recently been diagnosed with depression.Which of the following is NOT likely to be associated with her depression?


A) receiving less pay for equal work
B) being a mother
C) juggling multiple roles
D) caring for children

E) A) and B)
F) B) and D)

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Women are at greater risk of depression than men partially because women are more likely to ________ in response to stressful circumstances.


A) ruminate
B) externalize blame
C) suffer memory loss
D) become socially withdrawn

E) B) and C)
F) None of the above

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Cognitive changes that accompany depression include a(n)


A) decrease in self-focused thinking.
B) increased expectation of negative outcomes.
C) increased externalization of blame.
D) increased obsession with experiencing physical pleasure.

E) A) and B)
F) B) and C)

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Sanja suffers from major depressive disorder.She is most likely to feel some relief during


A) the winter.
B) the fall.
C) December.
D) the spring.

E) A) and C)
F) B) and C)

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John has been having difficulties getting out of bed,is not interested in going out with friends or even answering the phone.He has let a number of bills go unpaid,he is sleeping 12 to 14 hours a day,and he cannot concentrate at work.He has called in sick to work at least once each week.John is most likely suffering from


A) persistent depressive disorder.
B) learned helplessness.
C) major depressive disorder.
D) bipolar disorder.

E) C) and D)
F) All of the above

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Professor Davis suggests that genetic predispositions to normal bouts of depression contribute to survival and reproductive success by reducing the intensity of hostile urges and discouraging highly risky behaviors.The Professor's suggestion best illustrates the ________ perspective.


A) epigenetic
B) conditioning
C) social-cognitive
D) biological

E) A) and C)
F) A) and B)

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At different seasons of the year,one survey asked North Americans "Have you cried today?" The percentage who said "yes" was highest in


A) March.
B) June.
C) September.
D) December.

E) A) and B)
F) B) and C)

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Relieving guilt through self-punishment is one of the motives for


A) bipolar disorder.
B) rumination.
C) nonsuicidal self-injury.
D) mania.

E) A) and B)
F) B) and D)

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Chronic,low-grade depressed feelings are to ________ disorder as extreme,recurring mood swings are to ________ disorder.


A) major depressive;persistent depressive
B) persistent depressive;bipolar
C) major depressive;bipolar
D) bipolar;major depressive

E) A) and C)
F) B) and C)

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To break the vicious cycle of depression,the social-cognitive perspective would suggest that people should be encouraged to explain their failures in terms that are both


A) internal and stable.
B) external and global.
C) internal and global.
D) external and temporary.

E) A) and B)
F) A) and D)

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Suicide rates are ________ among the rich than the poor,and they are ________ among young men than old men.


A) higher;higher
B) lower;lower
C) higher;lower
D) lower;higher

E) A) and C)
F) B) and C)

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The highest rates of depression occur in ________ countries among ________.


A) developed;children
B) underdeveloped;children
C) developed;young adults
D) undeveloped;young adults

E) All of the above
F) None of the above

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Compared with men,women are much more likely to be diagnosed as suffering from


A) mania.
B) bipolar disorder.
C) disruptive mood dysregulation disorder.
D) depression.

E) A) and B)
F) B) and D)

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