A) British law that decreased the duty on French molasses,making it more attractive for shippers to obey the law,and at the same time raised penalties for smuggling.The act enraged New England merchants,who opposed both the tax and the fact that prosecuted merchants would be tried by British-appointed judges in a vice-admiralty court.
B) A maritime tribunal presided over by a royally appointed judge,with no jury.
C) British law imposing a tax on all paper used in the colonies.Widespread resistance to the Stamp Act prevented it from taking effect and led to its repeal in 1766.
D) The claim made by British politicians that the interests of the American colonists were adequately represented in Parliament by merchants who traded with the colonies and by absentee landlords (mostly sugar planters) who owned estates in the West Indies.
E) A British law passed by Parliament at the request of General Thomas Gage,the British military commander in America,that required colonial governments to provide barracks and food for British troops.
F) A congress of delegates from nine assemblies that met in New York City in October 1765 to protest the loss of American "rights and liberties," especially the right to trial by jury.The congress challenged the constitutionality of both the Stamp and Sugar Acts by declaring that only the colonists' elected representatives could tax them.
G) Colonists-primarily middling merchants and artisans-who banded together to protest the Stamp Act and other imperial reforms of the 1760s.The group originated in Boston in 1765 but soon spread to all the colonies.
H) The centuries-old body of legal rules and procedures that protected the lives and property of the British monarch's subjects.
I) The rights to life,liberty,and property.According to the English philosopher John Locke in Two Treatises of Government (1690) ,political authority was not given by God to monarchs.Instead,it derived from social compacts that people made to preserve these rights.
J) Law issued by Parliament to assert Parliament's unassailable right to legislate for its British colonies "in all cases whatsoever," putting Americans on notice that the simultaneous repeal of the Stamp Act changed nothing in the imperial powers of Britain.
K) British law that established new duties on tea,glass,lead,paper,and painters' colors imported into the colonies.These laws led to boycotts and heightened tensions between Britain and the American colonies.
L) Colonists attempted nonimportation agreements three times: in 1766,in response to the Stamp Act;in 1768,in response to the Townshend duties;and in 1774,in response to the Coercive Acts.In each case,colonial radicals pressured merchants to stop importing British goods.In 1774 this policy was adopted by the First Continental Congress and enforced by the Continental Association.American women became crucial to the movement by reducing their households' consumption of imported goods and producing large quantities of homespun cloth.
M) A communications network established among towns in the colonies,and among colonial assemblies,between 1772 and 1773 to provide for rapid dissemination of news about important political developments.
N) British act that lowered the existing tax on tea and granted exemptions to the East India Company to make their tea cheaper in the colonies and entice boycotting Americans to buy it.Resistance to this act led to the passage of the Coercive Acts and imposition of military rule in Massachusetts.
O) Four British acts of 1774 meant to punish Massachusetts for the destruction of three shiploads of tea.Known in America as the Intolerable Acts,they led to open rebellion in the northern colonies.
P) September 1774 gathering of colonial delegates in Philadelphia to discuss the crisis precipitated by the Coercive Acts.The Congress produced a declaration of rights and an agreement to impose a limited boycott of trade with Britain.
Q) An association established in 1774 by the First Continental Congress to enforce a boycott of British goods.
R) A 1774 war led by Virginia's royal governor,the Earl of Dunmore,against the Ohio Shawnees,who had a long-standing claim to Kentucky as a hunting ground.The Shawnees were defeated and Dunmore and his militia forces claimed Kentucky as their own.
S) Colonial militiamen who stood ready to mobilize on short notice during the imperial crisis of the 1770s.These volunteers formed the core of the citizens' army that met British troops at Lexington and Concord in April 1775.
T) Legislative body that governed the United States from May 1775 through the war's duration.It established an army,created its own money,and declared independence once all hope for a peaceful reconciliation with Britain was gone.
U) A document containing philosophical principles and a list of grievances that declared separation from Britain.Adopted by the Second Continental Congress on July 4,1776,it ended a period of intense debate with moderates still hoping to reconcile with Britain.
V) The principle that ultimate power lies in the hands of the electorate.
X) A) and G)
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A) British law that decreased the duty on French molasses,making it more attractive for shippers to obey the law,and at the same time raised penalties for smuggling.The act enraged New England merchants,who opposed both the tax and the fact that prosecuted merchants would be tried by British-appointed judges in a vice-admiralty court.
B) A maritime tribunal presided over by a royally appointed judge,with no jury.
C) British law imposing a tax on all paper used in the colonies.Widespread resistance to the Stamp Act prevented it from taking effect and led to its repeal in 1766.
D) The claim made by British politicians that the interests of the American colonists were adequately represented in Parliament by merchants who traded with the colonies and by absentee landlords (mostly sugar planters) who owned estates in the West Indies.
E) A British law passed by Parliament at the request of General Thomas Gage,the British military commander in America,that required colonial governments to provide barracks and food for British troops.
F) A congress of delegates from nine assemblies that met in New York City in October 1765 to protest the loss of American "rights and liberties," especially the right to trial by jury.The congress challenged the constitutionality of both the Stamp and Sugar Acts by declaring that only the colonists' elected representatives could tax them.
G) Colonists-primarily middling merchants and artisans-who banded together to protest the Stamp Act and other imperial reforms of the 1760s.The group originated in Boston in 1765 but soon spread to all the colonies.
H) The centuries-old body of legal rules and procedures that protected the lives and property of the British monarch's subjects.
I) The rights to life,liberty,and property.According to the English philosopher John Locke in Two Treatises of Government (1690) ,political authority was not given by God to monarchs.Instead,it derived from social compacts that people made to preserve these rights.
J) Law issued by Parliament to assert Parliament's unassailable right to legislate for its British colonies "in all cases whatsoever," putting Americans on notice that the simultaneous repeal of the Stamp Act changed nothing in the imperial powers of Britain.
K) British law that established new duties on tea,glass,lead,paper,and painters' colors imported into the colonies.These laws led to boycotts and heightened tensions between Britain and the American colonies.
L) Colonists attempted nonimportation agreements three times: in 1766,in response to the Stamp Act;in 1768,in response to the Townshend duties;and in 1774,in response to the Coercive Acts.In each case,colonial radicals pressured merchants to stop importing British goods.In 1774 this policy was adopted by the First Continental Congress and enforced by the Continental Association.American women became crucial to the movement by reducing their households' consumption of imported goods and producing large quantities of homespun cloth.
M) A communications network established among towns in the colonies,and among colonial assemblies,between 1772 and 1773 to provide for rapid dissemination of news about important political developments.
N) British act that lowered the existing tax on tea and granted exemptions to the East India Company to make their tea cheaper in the colonies and entice boycotting Americans to buy it.Resistance to this act led to the passage of the Coercive Acts and imposition of military rule in Massachusetts.
O) Four British acts of 1774 meant to punish Massachusetts for the destruction of three shiploads of tea.Known in America as the Intolerable Acts,they led to open rebellion in the northern colonies.
P) September 1774 gathering of colonial delegates in Philadelphia to discuss the crisis precipitated by the Coercive Acts.The Congress produced a declaration of rights and an agreement to impose a limited boycott of trade with Britain.
Q) An association established in 1774 by the First Continental Congress to enforce a boycott of British goods.
R) A 1774 war led by Virginia's royal governor,the Earl of Dunmore,against the Ohio Shawnees,who had a long-standing claim to Kentucky as a hunting ground.The Shawnees were defeated and Dunmore and his militia forces claimed Kentucky as their own.
S) Colonial militiamen who stood ready to mobilize on short notice during the imperial crisis of the 1770s.These volunteers formed the core of the citizens' army that met British troops at Lexington and Concord in April 1775.
T) Legislative body that governed the United States from May 1775 through the war's duration.It established an army,created its own money,and declared independence once all hope for a peaceful reconciliation with Britain was gone.
U) A document containing philosophical principles and a list of grievances that declared separation from Britain.Adopted by the Second Continental Congress on July 4,1776,it ended a period of intense debate with moderates still hoping to reconcile with Britain.
V) The principle that ultimate power lies in the hands of the electorate.
X) A) and B)
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Answer would ideally include:
- Reformer...View Answer
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- Reformer...
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A) The bloodshed that took place made further compromise highly unlikely.
B) Hundreds of British soldiers were killed in each battle.
C) Colonial militias were caught off guard by the surprise British attack.
D) The British captured rebel weapons and several prominent Patriot leaders.
F) A) and B)
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A
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A) The British hired mercenaries to fight the Patriots.
B) It prompted the beginning of the Revolutionary War.
C) Mobs toppled statues of King George III.
D) Britain withdrew its troops from New York.
F) B) and C)
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A) American rioters ransacked the five stores selling British goods and hanged their owners in public.
B) British troops hanged five protesters found guilty of treason against Parliament and the king.
C) British troops burned the Massachusetts colonial assembly building and killed two members.
D) Five Bostonians were shot and killed by British troops who were later exonerated of the crime.
F) B) and C)
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A) The harsh tactics employed by the British military in the North
B) The economic blockade imposed by the British Navy in the Atlantic
C) Virginia's royal governor's promise to free any slave who joined the Loyalists
D) The angry Parliament's threat to ban the use of tobacco throughout the British Empire
F) All of the above
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A) It called for republicanism and convinced many colonists of the need to fight for American independence.
B) The pamphlet was ghostwritten by Benjamin Franklin,who refused to attach his name to the work because of its radical message.
C) Author Thomas Paine begged the Patriots to use "common sense" and restore harmony with Britain before the colonies were "laid in blood and ashes."
D) It urged ordinary Americans to revolt,not only against the king and Parliament,but also against wealthy merchants and planters.
F) B) and C)
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A) British law that decreased the duty on French molasses,making it more attractive for shippers to obey the law,and at the same time raised penalties for smuggling.The act enraged New England merchants,who opposed both the tax and the fact that prosecuted merchants would be tried by British-appointed judges in a vice-admiralty court.
B) A maritime tribunal presided over by a royally appointed judge,with no jury.
C) British law imposing a tax on all paper used in the colonies.Widespread resistance to the Stamp Act prevented it from taking effect and led to its repeal in 1766.
D) The claim made by British politicians that the interests of the American colonists were adequately represented in Parliament by merchants who traded with the colonies and by absentee landlords (mostly sugar planters) who owned estates in the West Indies.
E) A British law passed by Parliament at the request of General Thomas Gage,the British military commander in America,that required colonial governments to provide barracks and food for British troops.
F) A congress of delegates from nine assemblies that met in New York City in October 1765 to protest the loss of American "rights and liberties," especially the right to trial by jury.The congress challenged the constitutionality of both the Stamp and Sugar Acts by declaring that only the colonists' elected representatives could tax them.
G) Colonists-primarily middling merchants and artisans-who banded together to protest the Stamp Act and other imperial reforms of the 1760s.The group originated in Boston in 1765 but soon spread to all the colonies.
H) The centuries-old body of legal rules and procedures that protected the lives and property of the British monarch's subjects.
I) The rights to life,liberty,and property.According to the English philosopher John Locke in Two Treatises of Government (1690) ,political authority was not given by God to monarchs.Instead,it derived from social compacts that people made to preserve these rights.
J) Law issued by Parliament to assert Parliament's unassailable right to legislate for its British colonies "in all cases whatsoever," putting Americans on notice that the simultaneous repeal of the Stamp Act changed nothing in the imperial powers of Britain.
K) British law that established new duties on tea,glass,lead,paper,and painters' colors imported into the colonies.These laws led to boycotts and heightened tensions between Britain and the American colonies.
L) Colonists attempted nonimportation agreements three times: in 1766,in response to the Stamp Act;in 1768,in response to the Townshend duties;and in 1774,in response to the Coercive Acts.In each case,colonial radicals pressured merchants to stop importing British goods.In 1774 this policy was adopted by the First Continental Congress and enforced by the Continental Association.American women became crucial to the movement by reducing their households' consumption of imported goods and producing large quantities of homespun cloth.
M) A communications network established among towns in the colonies,and among colonial assemblies,between 1772 and 1773 to provide for rapid dissemination of news about important political developments.
N) British act that lowered the existing tax on tea and granted exemptions to the East India Company to make their tea cheaper in the colonies and entice boycotting Americans to buy it.Resistance to this act led to the passage of the Coercive Acts and imposition of military rule in Massachusetts.
O) Four British acts of 1774 meant to punish Massachusetts for the destruction of three shiploads of tea.Known in America as the Intolerable Acts,they led to open rebellion in the northern colonies.
P) September 1774 gathering of colonial delegates in Philadelphia to discuss the crisis precipitated by the Coercive Acts.The Congress produced a declaration of rights and an agreement to impose a limited boycott of trade with Britain.
Q) An association established in 1774 by the First Continental Congress to enforce a boycott of British goods.
R) A 1774 war led by Virginia's royal governor,the Earl of Dunmore,against the Ohio Shawnees,who had a long-standing claim to Kentucky as a hunting ground.The Shawnees were defeated and Dunmore and his militia forces claimed Kentucky as their own.
S) Colonial militiamen who stood ready to mobilize on short notice during the imperial crisis of the 1770s.These volunteers formed the core of the citizens' army that met British troops at Lexington and Concord in April 1775.
T) Legislative body that governed the United States from May 1775 through the war's duration.It established an army,created its own money,and declared independence once all hope for a peaceful reconciliation with Britain was gone.
U) A document containing philosophical principles and a list of grievances that declared separation from Britain.Adopted by the Second Continental Congress on July 4,1776,it ended a period of intense debate with moderates still hoping to reconcile with Britain.
V) The principle that ultimate power lies in the hands of the electorate.
X) J) and L)
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A) John Adams
B) Benjamin Franklin
C) George Washington
D) Samuel Adams
F) A) and C)
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A) The Earl of Rockingham repealed both the Sugar Act and the Stamp Act.
B) The ministry reaffirmed the Sugar Act,repealed the Stamp Act,and stationed troops in Boston.
C) It repealed the Stamp Act,lowered the molasses tax,and crafted the Declaratory Act.
D) It revised the Sugar Act to apply only to molasses produced on British sugar islands.
F) B) and D)
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Answer would ideally include:
- British Assumptions About the Colonies: Parliament believed that all British colonies existed to provide raw materials and to purchase manufactured goods from England for the general benefit of the British Empire.From the British point of view,the colonies had no independent existence from which to argue for more local control.When Americans began to insist on their right to representation in Parliament,that body responded with the argument that the colonists enjoyed virtual representation and did not require a direct representative system.
- Key British Events: The key British policies that elicited American resistance were the Sugar Act,the Stamp Act,the Townshend Duties,the Tea Act,and the Coercive Acts.The Proclamation of 1763 also angered the colonists who had fought in the Great War for Empire in order to gain access to the land west of the Appalachians.The Proclamation of 1763 made colonists feel as if Britain were denying them the fruits of their labor by prohibiting settlement in the west.
- American Assumptions About Britain: Patriots used a two-pronged (fiscal and ideological)argument to elicit support for their cause.Britain's efforts to strengthen its control over the colonies after the Great War for Empire led the Americans to suggest that Parliament was violating the traditional rights of Englishmen to live under a just government that adheres to the will of the people,and that Americans were becoming slaves in the process.Britain's taxation policies made the colonists believe that Parliament was oppressing them unfairly through taxation measures.
- Key American Events: The colonists were initially upset over the Sugar and Stamp Acts,which led them to boycott British goods.The Townshend Duties and Tea Act reignited their anger and led them to more militant resistance.The Coercive Acts,which Parliament implemented in Massachusetts,finally convinced many colonists that Britain would go to great lengths to ensure their cooperation with unpopular policies.These legal measures,combined with the violence at Lexington and Concord in 1776,unified and motivated the Patriot movement.
- Patriot Networks: Organizational systems such as the Sons and Daughters of Liberty and the use of public street protests,newspapers and pamphlets,boycotts,and nonimportation agreements helped the Patriots to galvanize the American population in support of resistance.
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A) British law that decreased the duty on French molasses,making it more attractive for shippers to obey the law,and at the same time raised penalties for smuggling.The act enraged New England merchants,who opposed both the tax and the fact that prosecuted merchants would be tried by British-appointed judges in a vice-admiralty court.
B) A maritime tribunal presided over by a royally appointed judge,with no jury.
C) British law imposing a tax on all paper used in the colonies.Widespread resistance to the Stamp Act prevented it from taking effect and led to its repeal in 1766.
D) The claim made by British politicians that the interests of the American colonists were adequately represented in Parliament by merchants who traded with the colonies and by absentee landlords (mostly sugar planters) who owned estates in the West Indies.
E) A British law passed by Parliament at the request of General Thomas Gage,the British military commander in America,that required colonial governments to provide barracks and food for British troops.
F) A congress of delegates from nine assemblies that met in New York City in October 1765 to protest the loss of American "rights and liberties," especially the right to trial by jury.The congress challenged the constitutionality of both the Stamp and Sugar Acts by declaring that only the colonists' elected representatives could tax them.
G) Colonists-primarily middling merchants and artisans-who banded together to protest the Stamp Act and other imperial reforms of the 1760s.The group originated in Boston in 1765 but soon spread to all the colonies.
H) The centuries-old body of legal rules and procedures that protected the lives and property of the British monarch's subjects.
I) The rights to life,liberty,and property.According to the English philosopher John Locke in Two Treatises of Government (1690) ,political authority was not given by God to monarchs.Instead,it derived from social compacts that people made to preserve these rights.
J) Law issued by Parliament to assert Parliament's unassailable right to legislate for its British colonies "in all cases whatsoever," putting Americans on notice that the simultaneous repeal of the Stamp Act changed nothing in the imperial powers of Britain.
K) British law that established new duties on tea,glass,lead,paper,and painters' colors imported into the colonies.These laws led to boycotts and heightened tensions between Britain and the American colonies.
L) Colonists attempted nonimportation agreements three times: in 1766,in response to the Stamp Act;in 1768,in response to the Townshend duties;and in 1774,in response to the Coercive Acts.In each case,colonial radicals pressured merchants to stop importing British goods.In 1774 this policy was adopted by the First Continental Congress and enforced by the Continental Association.American women became crucial to the movement by reducing their households' consumption of imported goods and producing large quantities of homespun cloth.
M) A communications network established among towns in the colonies,and among colonial assemblies,between 1772 and 1773 to provide for rapid dissemination of news about important political developments.
N) British act that lowered the existing tax on tea and granted exemptions to the East India Company to make their tea cheaper in the colonies and entice boycotting Americans to buy it.Resistance to this act led to the passage of the Coercive Acts and imposition of military rule in Massachusetts.
O) Four British acts of 1774 meant to punish Massachusetts for the destruction of three shiploads of tea.Known in America as the Intolerable Acts,they led to open rebellion in the northern colonies.
P) September 1774 gathering of colonial delegates in Philadelphia to discuss the crisis precipitated by the Coercive Acts.The Congress produced a declaration of rights and an agreement to impose a limited boycott of trade with Britain.
Q) An association established in 1774 by the First Continental Congress to enforce a boycott of British goods.
R) A 1774 war led by Virginia's royal governor,the Earl of Dunmore,against the Ohio Shawnees,who had a long-standing claim to Kentucky as a hunting ground.The Shawnees were defeated and Dunmore and his militia forces claimed Kentucky as their own.
S) Colonial militiamen who stood ready to mobilize on short notice during the imperial crisis of the 1770s.These volunteers formed the core of the citizens' army that met British troops at Lexington and Concord in April 1775.
T) Legislative body that governed the United States from May 1775 through the war's duration.It established an army,created its own money,and declared independence once all hope for a peaceful reconciliation with Britain was gone.
U) A document containing philosophical principles and a list of grievances that declared separation from Britain.Adopted by the Second Continental Congress on July 4,1776,it ended a period of intense debate with moderates still hoping to reconcile with Britain.
V) The principle that ultimate power lies in the hands of the electorate.
X) O) and S)
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A) The Americans were victors in the first crisis,but in the second they had to retreat and accept humiliating British terms,which they resolved to throw off at the first opportunity.
B) The stakes had risen: In 1765,American resistance to taxation had provoked an argument in Parliament;in 1768,it produced a British plan for military coercion.
C) The Americans won both confrontations,reinforcing convictions in Parliament that the colonies were not to be trifled with;only George III and Lord North stubbornly kept demanding concessions.
D) The two crises had the cumulative effect of greatly increasing the strength of England's pro-American radicals,led by John Wilkes,in Parliament.
F) A) and D)
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A) The Congress was a failure because the nine colonies represented could not agree on a unified policy.
B) The delegates protested loss of American liberties and challenged the act's constitutionality.
C) Congressional delegates formulated a set of resolves that threatened rebellion against Britain.
D) The group issued a statement that accepted the constitutionality of the Sugar Act,but not the Stamp Act.
F) None of the above
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A) Colonial leaders agreed with Franklin's proposal,arguing that delegates from the colonies could exert great power in Parliament.
B) Many Americans would probably have accepted the act if they had also gained representation in Parliament.
C) Thinking that Parliament was bluffing,most Americans paid little attention to the issue until the act went into effect.
D) British politicians,with the exception of William Pitt,refused to consider the idea of American representation in Parliament.
F) B) and C)
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Answer would ideally include:
- Urban Patriots: The Patriot movement initially gained support from those Americans directly affected by British colonial policy-urban residents,artisans,merchants,and lawyers played an active role in the resistance.This group also included many of the educated elite,including ministers who supported the nonimportation movement and had been affected by both the Great Awakening and Enlightenment philosophy.Participants in urban mobs and riots and the most radical elements of the movement drew support from the middling and lower ranks of society,including artisans,skilled workers,laborers,sailors,and the unemployed.
- Rural Patriots: By the late 1760s,British imperial policies increasingly intruded into the lives of farm families by sending their sons to war and raising their taxes.They feared that British measures threatened the yeoman tradition of landownership and felt personally threatened by British policies.The rebellion also gained broad-based support from rural laborers,and small-town artisans,merchants,and professionals,especially in New England and other parts of the Northeast.
- Slave Owners: Southern slave owners-especially wealthy planters-supported the rebellion as well.They were frequently in debt to British merchants and,accustomed to controlling their slave laborers and seeing themselves as guardians of English liberties,resented their financial dependence on British creditors.They dreaded the prospect of political subservience to British officials.
- Women Patriots: Religious women from both rural and urban areas,as Daughters of Liberty,also supported the rebellion by organizing and sustaining the nonimportation boycotts and producing homespun cloth in place of British cloth.
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A) Indian nations shifted their alliances among competing European powers.
B) New distinctive backcountry cultures were created.
C) Resistance to imperial control within the colonies increased.
D) Western migration extended republican institutions into new territories.
F) All of the above
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A) The British Parliament raised the taxes on land throughout North America.
B) To cut costs,Britain decreased the size of its bureaucracy,especially the customs department.
C) Parliament decreased the import duties on consumables to increase both sales and revenue.
D) Parliament increased import taxes on items used by the poor and middling classes such as sugar and beer.
F) A) and D)
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A) part of England's plan to create a more centralized imperial system in America.
B) barely passed by a divided Parliament deeply concerned about American opposition.
C) problematic because it bore heavily on the poorest colonists and exempted the rich.
D) supported by Benjamin Franklin and other prominent colonial leaders as a reasonable tax.
F) A) and B)
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