Question 1

Which of the following is the correct sequence that describes the excitation and contraction of a skeletal muscle fibre?
1)  Tropomyosin shifts and unblocks the cross-bridge binding sites.
2)  Calcium is released and binds to the troponin complex.
3)  Transverse tubules depolarise the sarcoplasmic reticulum.
4)  The thin filaments are ratcheted across the thick filaments by the heads of the myosin molecules using energy from ATP.
5)  An action potential in a motor neuron causes the axon to release acetylcholine, which depolarises the muscle cell membrane.

Accepted Answer

A)   1 → 2 → 3 → 4 → 5
B)   2 → 1 → 3 → 5 → 4
C)   2 → 3 → 4 → 1 → 5
D)   5 → 3 → 2 → 1 → 4E) None of the above
F) A) and B)

Question 2

The hydrostatic skeleton of the earthworm allows it to move around in its environment by ________.

Accepted Answer

A)   walking on its limbs
B)   swimming with its setae
C)   using peristaltic contractions of its circular and longitudinal muscles
D)   alternating contractions and relaxations of its flagellaE) A) and B)
F) A) and C)

Question 3

Which type of receptor would you expect to be most abundant in the antennae of a moth?

Accepted Answer

A)   thermoreceptors
B)   mechanoreceptors
C)   chemoreceptors
D)   electroreceptorsE) A) and B)
F) None of the above

Question 4

A given photon of light may trigger an action potential with thousands of times more energy because the signal strength is amplified by ________.

Accepted Answer

A)   the receptor
B)   ion channels
C)   a signal transduction pathway
D)   triggering several receptors at onceE) B) and C)
F) All of the above

Question 5

Myasthenia gravis is a form of muscle paralysis in which ________.

Accepted Answer

A)   motor neurons lose their myelination and the ability to rapidly fire action potentials
B)   acetylcholine receptors are destroyed by an overactive immune system
C)   ATP production becomes uncoupled from mitochondrial electron transport
D)   troponin molecules become unable to bind calcium ionsE) A) and C)
F) C) and D)

Question 6

The structure diagrammed in the figure is the ________.

Accepted Answer

A)   neuromast
B)   statocyst
C)   ommatidium
D)   olfactory bulbE) A) and B)
F) A) and C)

Question 7

Artificial electrical stimulation of a human's menthol-sensitive neurons would likely produce the sensation of ________.

Accepted Answer

A)   cold temperature
B)   hot temperature
C)   odour of pepper
D)   deep pressureE) A) and B)
F) B) and D)

Question 8

The 11 pairs of appendages projecting from the rostral area of star-nosed moles are ________.

Accepted Answer

A)   chemosensory structures
B)   tactile structures
C)   olfactory structures
D)   gustatory structuresE) All of the above
F) C) and D)

Question 9

Dizziness is a perceived sensation that can occur when ________.

Accepted Answer

A)   the hair cells in the cochlea move more than their normal limits
B)   moving fluid in the semicircular canals encounters a stationary cupula
C)   rods and cones provide information that does not correspond with information received by cochlear hair cells
D)   the basilar membrane makes physical contact with the tectorial membraneE) All of the above
F) A) and B)

Question 10

Rods exposed to light will ________.

Accepted Answer

A)   depolarise due to the opening of sodium channels
B)   hyperpolarise due to the closing of sodium channels
C)   depolarise due to the opening of potassium channels
D)   hyperpolarise due to the closing of potassium channelsE) B) and C)
F) None of the above

Question 11

Among these choices, the most energetically efficient locomotion per unit mass is likely ________.

Accepted Answer

A)   running by a 50-gram rodent
B)   running by a 40-kilogram ungulate
C)   flying by a 100-gram bird
D)   swimming by a 100-kilogram tuna (bony fish) E) A) and C)
F) C) and D)

Question 12

Immediately after putting on a shirt, your skin might feel itchy. However, this perception soon fades due to ________.

Accepted Answer

A)   sensory adaptation
B)   accommodation
C)   reduced motor unit recruitment
D)   reduced receptor amplificationE) All of the above
F) C) and D)

Question 13

The venom of cobras contains a mixture of substances that have a variety of physiological effects. One substance in the venom works by preventing acetylcholine from binding to muscle receptors. How does the venom affect the prey of the cobra?

Accepted Answer

A)   Action potentials would be continuously generated, causing convulsive muscle contractions.
B)   Muscle contractions would be prevented, causing paralysis.
C)   Muscle contractions could still occur, but relaxation of the muscle would be impaired.
D)   Action potentials would be continuously generated, causing convulsive muscle contractions; muscle contractions would then be prevented, causing paralysis.E) C) and D)
F) A) and B)

Question 14

Statocysts contain cells that are ________.

Accepted Answer

A)   mechanoreceptors used to detect orientation relative to gravity
B)   chemoreceptors used in selecting migration routes
C)   photoreceptors used in setting biological rhythms
D)   thermoreceptors used in prey detectionE) A) and B)
F) A) and C)

Question 15

The transduction of sound waves into action potentials occurs

Accepted Answer

A)   in the tectorial membrane as it is stimulated by hair cells.
B)   when hair cells are bent against the tectorial membrane, causing them to depolarise and release neurotransmitter that stimulates sensory neurons.
C)   as the basilar membrane vibrates at different frequencies in response to the varying volume of sounds.
D)   within the middle ear as the vibrations are amplified by the malleus, incus, and stapes.E) C) and D)
F) A) and D)

Question 16

The conversion of a stimulus into an action potential by a receptor cell is called ________.

Accepted Answer

A)   integration
B)   transmission
C)   transduction
D)   amplificationE) A) and B)
F) C) and D)

Question 17

During an auditory transduction, ion flow varies across the ________.

Accepted Answer

A)   tectorial membrane
B)   round-window membrane
C)   hair cell membrane
D)   basilar membraneE) B) and C)
F) None of the above

Question 18

"Marine cone snails from the genus Conus are estimated to consist of up to 700 species. These predatory molluscs have devised an efficient venom apparatus that allows them to successfully capture polychaete worms, other molluscs, or in some cases fish as their primary food sources.
)  . . conotoxins from Australian species of Conus . . . have the capacity to inhibit specifically the nicotinic acetylcholine receptors in higher animals." (B. G. Livett, K. R. Gayler, and Z. Khalil. 2004. Drugs from the sea: Conopeptides as potential therapeutics. Current Medicinal Chemistry 11:1715-23.) 
-What is the adaptive value of this toxin?
I. It would cause muscle spasms in the prey.
II. It would result in paralysis of the skeletal muscle of the prey.
III. It would stimulate digestive tract smooth muscle to cause nausea and vomiting of the prey.

Accepted Answer

A)   only I
B)   only II
C)   only III
D)   only I and IIE) A) and D)
F) B) and C)

Question 19

What structures would neurobiologists look for if they are interested in determining if an animal can see in colour?

Accepted Answer

A)   opsins
B)   electroreceptors
C)   pupil
D)   lensE) B) and C)
F) A) and D)

Question 20

Hair cells in the vertebrate ear are responsible for transducing sound pressure waves. Ion channels in the hair cell membrane open when ________.

Accepted Answer

A)   a chemical ligand binds to the ion channel
B)   light is absorbed by a molecule in the membrane
C)   the cell membrane reaches a threshold voltage
D)   the membrane is distorted mechanicallyE) All of the above
F) None of the above

Exam 50: Sensory and Motor Mechanisms

During an auditory transduction, ion flow varies across the ________.

Correct Answer
verified

Myasthenia gravis is a form of muscle paralysis in which ________.

Correct Answer
verified

Hair cells in the vertebrate ear are responsible for transducing sound pressure waves. Ion channels in the hair cell membrane open when ________.

Correct Answer
verified

The 11 pairs of appendages projecting from the rostral area of star-nosed moles are ________.

Correct Answer
verified

Immediately after putting on a shirt, your skin might feel itchy. However, this perception soon fades due to ________.

Correct Answer
verified

Rods exposed to light will ________.

Correct Answer
verified

Correct Answer
verified

What structures would neurobiologists look for if they are interested in determining if an animal can see in colour?

Correct Answer
verified

The transduction of sound waves into action potentials occurs

Correct Answer
verified

Statocysts contain cells that are ________.

Correct Answer
verified

Among these choices, the most energetically efficient locomotion per unit mass is likely ________.

Correct Answer
verified

The conversion of a stimulus into an action potential by a receptor cell is called ________.

Correct Answer
verified

The hydrostatic skeleton of the earthworm allows it to move around in its environment by ________.

Correct Answer
verified

The structure diagrammed in the figure is the ________.

Correct Answer
verified

Artificial electrical stimulation of a human's menthol-sensitive neurons would likely produce the sensation of ________.

Correct Answer
verified

Dizziness is a perceived sensation that can occur when ________.

Correct Answer
verified

Correct Answer
verified

A given photon of light may trigger an action potential with thousands of times more energy because the signal strength is amplified by ________.

Correct Answer
verified

The venom of cobras contains a mixture of substances that have a variety of physiological effects. One substance in the venom works by preventing acetylcholine from binding to muscle receptors. How does the venom affect the prey of the cobra?

Correct Answer
verified

Which type of receptor would you expect to be most abundant in the antennae of a moth?

Correct Answer
verified

Exam 50: Sensory and Motor Mechanisms

During an auditory transduction, ion flow varies across the ________.

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

Myasthenia gravis is a form of muscle paralysis in which ________.

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

Hair cells in the vertebrate ear are responsible for transducing sound pressure waves. Ion channels in the hair cell membrane open when ________.

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

The 11 pairs of appendages projecting from the rostral area of star-nosed moles are ________.

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

Immediately after putting on a shirt, your skin might feel itchy. However, this perception soon fades due to ________.

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

Rods exposed to light will ________.

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

What structures would neurobiologists look for if they are interested in determining if an animal can see in colour?

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

The transduction of sound waves into action potentials occurs

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

Statocysts contain cells that are ________.

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

Among these choices, the most energetically efficient locomotion per unit mass is likely ________.

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

The conversion of a stimulus into an action potential by a receptor cell is called ________.

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

The hydrostatic skeleton of the earthworm allows it to move around in its environment by ________.

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

The structure diagrammed in the figure is the ________.

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

Artificial electrical stimulation of a human's menthol-sensitive neurons would likely produce the sensation of ________.

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

Dizziness is a perceived sensation that can occur when ________.

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

A given photon of light may trigger an action potential with thousands of times more energy because the signal strength is amplified by ________.

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

The venom of cobras contains a mixture of substances that have a variety of physiological effects. One substance in the venom works by preventing acetylcholine from binding to muscle receptors. How does the venom affect the prey of the cobra?

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

Which type of receptor would you expect to be most abundant in the antennae of a moth?

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

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